Informations for authors
Informations for authors
Typology of Scientific Publications Scientific communication occurs through various forms of publications, each with a specific purpose, structure, and scope. Understanding the distinctions between different types of articles represents a fundamental aspect of academic writing, enabling authors to select the most appropriate format for presenting their research, analyses, or critical reviews. Each category of articles is subject to rigorous standards that define not only the methodological approach and structure but also the permitted text length, which directly affects the depth and breadth of topic treatment.The minimum length for all types of scientific articles is established at 25,000 characters including spaces, abstract, keywords, and reference list. This minimum ensures that each paper contains sufficient substantial content for meaningful scientific communication, allowing authors to develop arguments, present methodology, analyze results, and draw relevant conclusions. Below this threshold, a work is usually not considered substantial enough for an independent scientific publication and may be considered as a brief communication, technical note, or letter to the editor.Original Research ArticleArticle An original research article represents the primary form of scientific communication through which new results of empirical, theoretical, or experimental research are presented. This category of publications is characterized by the presence of original data, new theoretical contributions, or innovative methodological approaches that have not been previously published in scientific literature. The maximum permitted length of an original research article is 60,000 characters with white spaces, including the abstract and reference list. The structure of an original research article traditionally follows the IMRAD format—Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion, although variations of this format may be appropriate for certain disciplines. The introduction section typically occupies 15-20% of the total text, establishing the theoretical framework, review of relevant literature, and clearly defined hypotheses or research questions. The methodological segment, which may comprise 20-25% of the work, must provide sufficient detail for research replication, including descriptions of the sample, instruments, procedures, and statistical analyses. The results section, typically occupying 20-30% of the text, presents findings objectively and systematically, supported by appropriate tables, graphs, and statistical analyses. The discussion, which may constitute 25-30% of the work, interprets results in the context of existing knowledge, addresses study limitations, and suggests directions for future research. The remaining 10-15% of space is reserved for the abstract, keywords, references, and possible appendices.Review ArticleA review article synthesizes and critically analyzes existing literature on a specific topic, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in a given field. Unlike original research, review articles do not present new empirical data but integrate, evaluate, and reinterpret existing findings. The maximum permitted length of a review article is 40,000 characters with white spaces, including the abstract and reference list. The methodology for preparing a review article requires a systematic approach to literature searching, including clearly defined criteria for inclusion and exclusion of papers, transparent database search strategy, and rigorous evaluation of the quality of included studies. Review articles may be narrative, systematic, or meta-analytical, with each approach requiring specific methodology and presentation style. The structure of a review article typically begins with an extensive introduction that contextualizes the topic and explains the significance of the review (10-15% of text), followed by a methodological description of the search and literature selection process (10-15%), then a thematically organized review of findings (50-60%), and concludes with integrated discussion and conclusions that identify gaps in knowledge and suggest future research directions (15-20%). The reference list in review articles is typically more extensive than in original research, often encompassing 50-150 or more cited works. Professional ArticleProfessional articles represent publications that present practical applications of scientific knowledge, technological innovations, methodological contributions, or professional guidelines relevant to a particular profession or industry. Although they may not necessarily contain original scientific contributions in the strict sense, professional articles provide valuable insights for practitioners and contribute to knowledge transfer between the academic community and practice. The recommended length for professional articles ranges between 30,000 and 45,000 characters with spaces, allowing detailed elaboration of practical aspects without excessive theoretical consideration.Book ReviewA book review represents a critical evaluation of a recently published monograph, textbook, or edited volume, providing readers with an informed assessment of the publication's contribution to a particular field. A quality book review transcends mere content summarization, offering an analytical perspective on theoretical contributions, methodological rigor, originality of arguments, and the work's place in broader academic discourse. The standard length of a book review ranges between 8,000 and 12,000 characters with spaces, allowing authors to provide substantial analysis without the need for extensive elaborations. The structure of a review typically encompasses a brief introduction that contextualizes the work and author (15-20%), a concise overview of content and main arguments (30-40%), critical evaluation of contributions, strengths, and limitations (30-40%), and a concluding assessment of the work's significance for the target audience (10-15%). The review author should balance between informativeness for readers unfamiliar with the work and analytical depth that will be valuable for specialists in the field. Critical Commentary A critical commentary represents an argued response to a previously published scientific paper, theoretical approach, or methodological paradigm. This form of publication enables dynamic scientific dialogue, allowing authors to challenge, supplement, or reinterpret existing findings and claims. Critical commentaries typically vary in length from 10,000 to 20,000 characters with spaces, depending on the complexity of the treated topic and depth of analysis. A successful critical commentary is characterized by precise identification of problematic aspects of the original work, rigorous argumentation supported by empirical evidence or theoretical considerations, and constructive proposals for overcoming identified limitations. The tone of a critical commentary should be professional and academic, focused on scientific arguments rather than personal attacks, contributing to constructive dialogue in the scientific community. In Memoriam Articles In Memoriam articles represent commemorative texts dedicated to deceased researchers who have made significant contributions to a particular scientific field. These texts combine biographical elements with professional evaluation of the deceased's scientific contributions, providing a human dimension to scientific communication and preserving the institutional memory of the academic community. The typical length of In Memoriam articles ranges between 5,000 and 10,000 characters with spaces, though it may be extended for exceptionally significant personalities. The structure of an In Memoriam article encompasses a brief biographical overview focusing on academic career (20-30%), analysis of key scientific contributions and their impact on discipline development (40-50%), personal reflections on the character and mentoring role of the deceased (20-25%), and a concluding assessment of lasting legacy (5-10%). Balancing between the personal and professional, emotional and analytical, represents a key challenge in writing these texts. EditorialsEditorials represent brief texts that articulate the editorial board's stance on current topics in science, announce thematic issues, or comment on important trends in the discipline. These texts typically do not exceed 6,000 to 8,000 characters with spaces and are characterized by an authoritative tone that reflects the editorial board's position as arbiters of scientific standards in a particular field.Letters to the Editor and Brief CommunicationsLetters to the editor enable rapid communication of preliminary findings, technical comments, or brief supplements to previously published works. This form of publication, limited to 4,000 to 6,000 characters with spaces, provides a mechanism for dynamic exchange of ideas without the need for the extensive peer-review process characteristic of full scientific articles. Brief communications or research notes present preliminary findings, methodological innovations, or replication studies in a condensed format of 12,000 to 18,000 characters. This category enables faster dissemination of results that, although significant, do not require the elaboration characteristic of full original articles.Concluding Considerations on Length and FormatThe prescribed lengths of different types of articles reflect the balance between the need for comprehensive treatment of topics and practical publishing constraints. Authors should understand these limits not as arbitrary restrictions but as guidelines that promote conciseness, clarity, and focus in scientific expression. The skill of condensing complex ideas into prescribed frameworks represents an essential aspect of scientific communication, requiring authors to carefully select and prioritize information, eliminate redundancy, and maximize the information density of text. When planning a manuscript, authors should consider that the character count includes all text elements—the main body of work, footnotes, titles, subtitles, as well as references and abstract. An average scientific article contains approximately 500-600 characters per reference in the literature list, which can significantly affect the available space for the main text. Strategic planning of paper structure, including decisions about the number and complexity of tables and figures, becomes critical for optimal utilization of permitted space.General Technical SpecificationsWhen preparing manuscripts for publication, authors are required to adhere to standardized technical requirements that ensure uniformity and professional appearance of scientific papers. Documents should be prepared in Microsoft Word or a compatible text processor, using Times New Roman font, size 12 pt for the main text. Page margins are set to 2.25 cm on all sides (top, bottom, left, right), ensuring sufficient space for potential reviewer comments and technical text processing. The article text is formatted with single spacing and justified alignment, contributing to a compact and uniform page appearance. Paragraphs should be clearly separated, either by a first line indent of 1.25 cm or by spacing between passages, depending on specific publication requirements. Page numbering is placed in the bottom right corner, starting from the first page of the introduction as page 1, while the title page and abstract are often unnumbered or use Roman numerals. Structure and Components of the ArticleA scientific article begins with a title page containing the paper title in both the publication language and English, authors' names and surnames with affiliations, corresponding author contact information, and manuscript submission date. The title should be informative, concise, and precisely reflect the research content, avoiding unnecessary abbreviations and jargon. The abstract presents a concise overview of the entire work within 300 words. A structured abstract encompasses the following elements: introduction and research objectives, methodology, key results, conclusions, and implications. The abstract explicitly states new scientific contributions and research originality, as well as the target audience for whom the work is intended—whether researchers in a specific field, practitioners, policymakers, or the broader academic community. The abstract is written in third person singular or plural, avoiding the use of personal pronouns.Following the abstract are keywords, a maximum of eight terms that enable efficient indexing and searching of the paper in databases. Keywords should be carefully selected from standardized discipline thesauri or use terms already established in the literature.Mathematical Formulas and EquationsAll mathematical formulas and equations must be written using the LaTeX document preparation system. Simple inline formulas are inserted directly into the text using single dollar signs, for example E = mc2, while more complex equations requiring a separate line are formatted between double dollars or in an equation environment. Each numbered equation must be referenced in the text before its appearance. Complex equations should be centered and numbered with Arabic numerals in parentheses at the right margin. Upon first appearance, all variables and symbols must be defined, either immediately after the equation or in a separate symbol list at the beginning of the paper. Figures, Graphs, and TablesVisual elements represent a crucial component of scientific work and must be prepared according to strict standards. Each figure must have a resolution of at least 300 DPI for printed versions, while 150 DPI resolution may be acceptable for online publications. Figures are submitted in JPEG, PNG, or TIFF formats for photographs and raster graphics, or in vector formats (EPS, SVG) for diagrams and schemas. All figures are numbered with Arabic numerals according to their order of appearance (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.) and placed as close as possible to their first mention in the text. Below each figure is its caption beginning with \"Figure X:\" followed by a descriptive explanation. The figure caption should be self-contained, enabling understanding without reading the main text. If a figure contains different panels, each panel is marked with a capital letter (A, B, C) and explained in the caption. Tables are formatted with a minimal number of horizontal lines—typically only three: above and below the header, and at the bottom of the table. Vertical lines are avoided. Table numbering uses Arabic numerals independent of figures, with the title above the table beginning with \"Table X:\" Table footnotes are marked with superscript letters and explained below the table. All abbreviations used in the table are defined in the legend beneath it. Citation of Literature - APA Standard (7th Edition)A comprehensive reference guide providing detailed APA 7th Edition citation examples and formatting instructions for all source types — from academic journals, books, and legal documents to ancient manuscripts, organizational reports, and sacred texts — is available for consultation at [ LINK TO AUTHOR STATEMENT]. Use of Footnotes in Scientific TextFootnotes represent a supplementary element of scientific text whose primary function is to provide additional clarifications, technical notes, or references to secondary data sources that support claims made in the main text, but whose direct inclusion would disrupt its fluidity and coherence. It is critical to emphasize that footnotes must under no circumstances be used for citing literature—all bibliographic sources must be cited exclusively within the main text according to the established APA standard, with complete references in the reference list at the end of the paper. Footnotes may contain extended explanations of technical terms, methodological notes that would burden the main narrative, references to relevant databases, archives or repositories where additional data can be found, etymological clarifications, historical contextualizations, or notes on translations and terminological choices. Footnote numbering uses Arabic numerals continuously throughout the entire text, with a superscript mark at the end of the sentence after the punctuation mark, while the footnote text itself is placed at the bottom of the page in a font 2 points smaller than the main text. Excessive use of footnotes may indicate insufficiently integrated argumentation or poorly structured text, thus their reduction to a minimum is recommended—ideally no more than 3-5 footnotes per 10,000 characters of text, reserved exclusively for essential supplements that significantly enrich understanding without the need for integration into the paper's primary narrative. Additional Elements and Final NotesThe work may include acknowledgments stating funding sources, contributions from non-coauthors, and institutions that enabled the research. This section is placed before the reference list and written concisely, without excessive emotional tone. Appendices are used for supplementary material that would disrupt the main text flow—extensive tables, technical methodology details, additional analyses, or research instruments. Each appendix is marked with a capital letter (Appendix A, Appendix B) and must be referenced in the main text. Conflict of interest must be declared, stating all financial or personal connections that could affect research objectivity. Author contributions are specified according to CRediT taxonomy, clearly defining each coauthor's role in conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, writing, and paper revision. Before manuscript submission, authors should conduct a detailed review: compliance with all technical requirements, completeness and accuracy of references, quality and readability of visual elements, grammatical and stylistic correctness, and logical coherence of argumentation. Using software for plagiarism detection and originality checking is recommended before final submission. Download Information For Authors
