Journal Title: Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences

ISSN (Print): 3126-3666

ISSN (Online): 3126-3674

Publisher: Society for Ancient Philosophy, Cosmology, Religion, Anthropology and Astrobiology

Contact: info@sapcraa.com Phone: +38765471075

Adress: Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Publication Frequency: The journal publishes two regular issues per year (June and December). In addition, special thematic issues devoted to specific topics in military sciences may be published throughout the year, subject to editorial approval.

Language: English

Editor-in-Chief: Academician Prof. Dr. Predrag Dašić, Engineering Academy of Serbia (IAS), Republic of Serbia

AIMS & SCOPE

Aims

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is an international peer-reviewed scholarly journal devoted to the publication of original research across the full spectrum of the military sciences and their interdisciplinary intersections with politics, technology, and society. The journal proceeds from the conviction that contemporary defense scholarship can no longer be conducted adequately within either purely academic frameworks divorced from operational realities or narrowly operational frameworks divorced from theoretical and historical perspective; the formative challenges of our time — from the transformation of strategic competition and the evolution of hybrid and multi-domain warfare, through the rapid technological reconfiguration of armed forces, to the changing relationship between military institutions and the societies they serve — demand sustained dialogue between academic analysis and practitioner reflection, and between the theoretical, technological, and human dimensions of military affairs.

The journal responds to a persistent gap in international academic production: the institutional separation between scholarly journals that treat security and strategy at high theoretical altitude but rarely engage with the operational substance of contemporary armed forces, and publications close to military institutions that engage that substance but seldom meet the methodological standards expected of indexed scholarship. By providing a venue in which rigorous academic analysis, doctrinal and operational reflection, and engineering and policy expertise can be read alongside one another, the journal contributes to the development of military studies as a coherent, methodologically self-aware, and internationally relevant discipline.

Every submission undergoes a rigorous double-blind peer review process in which the identity of authors remains unknown to reviewers, and the identity of reviewers unknown to authors, ensuring the impartiality of evaluation and the highest standards of scholarly integrity.

The Editorial Board aims to establish Military Studies as an authoritative point of reference for scholarship at the intersection of strategy, technology, and the defense sciences, and as a forum that engages both the academic community and the broader professional, institutional, and policy publics through which contemporary defense affairs are deliberated and decided. Contributions are welcomed from researchers, military professionals, policymakers, and defense industry experts working in any geographical and intellectual context.

Scope

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences publishes original scholarship grounded in military theory and strategic studies, defense and security studies, military technology and engineering, and the study of armed forces and society, together with the philosophy, history, and ethics of war and military institutions. In keeping with its founding aim, the journal gives particular weight to work that bridges academic analysis and operational substance, and that brings theoretical, technological, and institutional perspectives into sustained dialogue.

In military theory and strategic studies, the journal publishes work on classical and contemporary military thought, strategic theory and grand strategy, operational art and tactical studies, military doctrine development and analysis, war studies and conflict analysis, and civil–military relations. Particular attention is given to scholarship that connects classical strategic thought with the analytical demands of contemporary multi-domain operations and to comparative work on doctrinal evolution across regions and military traditions.

In defense and security studies, the journal welcomes scholarship on national and international security policy, defense policy and military reform, geopolitics and geostrategic analysis, terrorism and counterterrorism studies, peacekeeping and stabilization operations, and hybrid and asymmetric conflict. The journal is particularly receptive to work that integrates empirical case analysis with theoretical reflection, and to comparative studies of security architectures, alliance politics, and defense transformation processes.

In military technology and engineering, the journal publishes contributions on defense technology and innovation, military systems engineering, weapons systems development and analysis, cybersecurity and information warfare, command, control, and communications systems, and military logistics and infrastructure. Particular attention is given to research on the strategic, ethical, and operational implications of emerging defense technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous and unmanned systems, hypersonic and space-based capabilities, electronic and cognitive warfare, and dual-use technologies that traverse the boundary between civilian and military domains. In military technology and engineering, the journal publishes contributions on defense technology and innovation, military systems engineering, weapons systems development and analysis, ballistics and propulsion, military vehicles and platforms, materials and structural engineering for defense applications, military robotics and unmanned systems, cybersecurity and information warfare, command, control, and communications systems, and military logistics and infrastructure. Particular attention is given to research on the strategic, ethical, and operational implications of emerging defense technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous and unmanned systems, hypersonic and space-based capabilities, electronic and cognitive warfare, and dual-use technologies that traverse the boundary between civilian and military domains.

In the study of armed forces and society, the journal welcomes research in military sociology and psychology, military leadership and education, veterans studies and military transitions, military ethics and the law of armed conflict, gender and diversity in armed forces, and military history and institutional development. Contributions are welcomed that examine the changing social composition and professional identity of contemporary armed forces, the institutional consequences of technological transformation, and the ethical and legal frameworks within which military institutions operate.

The journal additionally welcomes scholarship in the philosophy of war, the history of military thought, and the ethics of armed conflict, recognizing that the fundamental questions of strategy, technology, and military institutions inevitably open conceptual, normative, and historical dimensions that demand serious reflection.

The journal publishes theoretical and empirical research articles, doctrinal and operational analyses, methodological contributions, longer essayistic and analytical pieces, critical literature reviews, and scholarly debates and exchanges. Submissions may be theoretically oriented, empirically grounded, technologically focused, or methodologically reflexive; what unites them is a commitment to argumentative rigor, evidentiary standards, and the integration of academic and practitioner perspectives that the journal's mission requires.

PUBLICATION ETHICS

This journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics. Please see our [Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement] for more information.

PEER REVIEW PROCESS

All manuscripts submitted to Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences undergo a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure the highest standards of academic quality and integrity. Each submission is initially assessed by the Editor-in-Chief for scope and quality before being sent to at least two independent reviewers with expertise in the relevant field. For complete details on our review procedures, criteria, and timelines, please refer to our [Peer Review Process].

AUTHOR GUIDELINES

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences welcomes submissions from researchers, academics, and practitioners in the field of military sciences and related disciplines. Before submitting a manuscript, authors are kindly requested to carefully review our formatting requirements, citation style, and submission procedures. Complete instructions for preparing and submitting your manuscript are available in our [Author Guidelines].

ARCHIVE AND ACCESS

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is committed to the principles of open scholarship. As a fully open access journal, we provide immediate and unrestricted access to all published research. Complete full-text versions of all issues are available in our [Archive]. To ensure permanence and citability, each article is assigned a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI). All content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), permitting others to share, copy, and adapt the work for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source.

All journal issues and articles are available in the [Archive].

INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is committed to ensuring global visibility and accessibility of published research. The journal is currently indexed in the following databases: COBISS.

COPYRIGHT POLICY

Authors who publish in Military Studies retain full copyright of their work. By submitting a manuscript, authors grant the journal the right of first publication. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means that anyone may freely read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, provided that proper attribution is given to the original authors and source.

Authors are permitted to:

Share and distribute their published work through any medium,
Deposit their work in institutional or subject repositories,
Reuse their work in subsequent publications,
Retain patent and trademark rights,
Gender and diversity in armed forces,

No formal copyright transfer is required.

PLAGIARISM POLICY

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is committed to maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity. All submitted manuscripts are screened for plagiarism and originality using iThenticate prior to peer review. Manuscripts found to contain plagiarised content, including self-plagiarism, will be rejected immediately. If plagiarism is detected after publication, the journal will follow the guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and may retract the article. Authors are expected to ensure that their work is entirely original and that any use of others' ideas, words, or data is properly cited.

RETRACTION POLICY

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences follows the retraction guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Articles may be retracted in the following circumstances:

Clear evidence of unreliable findings due to misconduct or honest error,

Plagiarism or redundant publication,
Fabrication or falsification of data,
Failure to disclose major conflicts of interest,
Ethical violations involving human or animal subjects,
Copyright infringement.

Retraction notices will be published and linked to the original article, which will remain accessible but clearly marked as retracted. Retractions may be initiated by the authors, the Editor-in-Chief, or the publisher upon verified evidence of misconduct.

APPEALS AND COMPLAINTS

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is committed to fair and transparent editorial processes. Authors who wish to appeal an editorial decision or file a complaint may do so by following the procedures outlined below.

Appeals: Authors may submit an appeal if they believe a rejection decision was made in error. Appeals must be submitted in writing to the Editor-in-Chief within 30 days of the decision and should include a detailed response to the reviewers' comments and a clear justification for reconsideration. Appeals will be reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and, if necessary, by an independent member of the Editorial Board. The decision on the appeal is final.

Complaints: Complaints regarding editorial conduct, peer review process, or publication ethics should be addressed in writing to the Editor-in-Chief at editor@sapcraa.com All complaints will be investigated promptly and handled in accordance with COPE guidelines.

AI POLICY

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences follows current guidelines of COPE, WAME, and ICMJE concerning the use of artificial intelligence in scholarly publishing. AI tools, including large language models and generative systems such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and Copilot, cannot be listed as authors, since authorship entails intellectual accountability that AI systems cannot bear. Full responsibility for every aspect of a submitted manuscript — including any content produced, drafted, edited, translated, or otherwise assisted by AI — rests entirely with the human authors, who remain accountable for the accuracy of all claims, the integrity of all citations, and the originality of all arguments. Authors must disclose any substantive use of AI tools in the methods section or in a dedicated acknowledgments statement, identifying the tool, its version, and the function performed (text generation, idea development, literature search, code or statistical analysis, image generation, translation, and similar). Routine language polishing does not require detailed itemisation but should be acknowledged in general terms. The fabrication of citations, quotations, or data — whether by AI or otherwise — constitutes a serious breach of research integrity and will result in rejection, retraction, and, in cases of bad faith, notification of the authors' institutions. Reviewers and editors are prohibited from uploading submitted manuscripts to public or third-party AI systems, as this violates the confidentiality of peer review. AI-generated images and figures must be clearly labelled as such and may not represent empirical, archival, or ethnographic material without explicit methodological justification. The Editorial Board reserves the right to request further information about AI use at any stage, to require revision, and to reject or retract work where AI use has not been properly disclosed. The policy is reviewed periodically and updated to reflect evolving standards in scholarly publishing.

PRIVACY POLICY

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is committed to protecting the privacy of all users, authors, reviewers and readers.

Data Collection: We collect personal information (such as names, email addresses, and institutional affiliations) only when voluntarily provided during manuscript submission, registration, or correspondence. This information is used solely for editorial and publishing purposes.

Data Usage: Personal data is used to manage the submission and peer review process, communicate with authors and reviewers, and improve our services. We do not share personal information with third parties except as necessary for publishing operations or when required by law.

Cookies: Our website may use cookies to enhance user experience and analyse site traffic. Users may disable cookies through their browser settings.

Data Security: We implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to protect personal data against unauthorised access, alteration, or disclosure.

Rights: Users have the right to access, correct, or request deletion of their personal data. For any privacy-related inquiries, please contact us at [email].

This policy is compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

ARTICLE PROCESSING CHARGES

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences is primarily funded through donations, institutional support, and the resources of the Society for Ancient Philosophy, Cosmology, Religion, Anthropology and Astrobiology. As a result, the journal strives to minimise financial barriers for authors and does not routinely charge Article Processing Charges (APCs). Submission and peer review are always free of charge. However, in exceptional circumstances, a modest APC may be applied to support the costs of publication. Authors will be informed of any applicable charges upon acceptance of their manuscript. For further information, please contact the editorial office at info@sapcraa.com

SUBMISSION

Military Studies: Journal for Strategy, Technology and Defense Sciences welcomes original submissions from researchers, academics, and practitioners worldwide. Manuscripts may be submitted through one of the following methods:

Option 1: Submit via our online submission form [here].

Option 2: Submit via email to info@sapcraa.com with “Manuscript Submission” in the subject line. Authors will receive confirmation of receipt within 5 business days. Before submitting, please ensure that your manuscript complies with the formatting and style requirements outlined in our [Author Guidelines].

Editorial Board

Prof. Dr. Valentin NedeffUniversity of BacauExpert in environmental engineering, mechanical engineering, millitary engineering, modeling and optimization in machine building, and water quality analysis(Republic of Romania)
Prof. Dr. Jasmina MarkovskiIra A. Fulton Schools of EngineeringExpert in drinking water treatment, nanotechnology-enabled water purification, hybrid sorbent media, and water resources management(United States of America)
Prof. Dr. Raul TurmanidzeGeorgian Technical UniversityExpert in manufacturing engineering, precision micro-tools, cutting materials, industrial robotics, and Industry 4.0(Republic of Georgia)
Prof. Dr. Darko TrifunovićUniversity of Belgrade - Faculty of Security StudiesExpert for national and international security(Republic of Serbia)
Prof. Dr. Konovalova SvetlanaNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineExpert in organic chemistry and synthesis of biologically active compounds(Republic of Ukraine)
Dr. Hekmatullah AzamyCentre for Conflict and Peace Studies (CAPS)Expert in Afghanistan-Pakistan security, Taliban studies, and violent extremism in South and Central Asia(Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan)
Dr. Nahiyan KhanBangladesh Institute of International and Strategic StudiesExpert in Military-Strategic Studies and Indo-Pacific Security(People's Republic of Bangladesh)
Dr. Herbert KoenekeAndrés Bello Catholic UniversityExpert in civil-military relations, security policy(Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela)
Dr. Nataniel MonteiroUniversity of Cabo VerdeExpert in Atlantic security and defense and West African regional integration(Republic of Cabo Verde)
Dr. Naison NgomaCopperbelt UniversityExpert in security communities, peace operations, regional security in Southern Africa(Republic of Zambia)
Prof. Dr. Friedrich FranekAustrian Center of Competence for TribologyExpert in tribological performance of armored systems and defense technology(Republic of Austria)
Prof. Dr. Radovan PetrovićUniversity “Union Nikola Tesla”Expert in mechanical engineering and mathematics(Republic of Serbia)

Latest Issue

Volume: 1 Issue: 1 (2023) Serial Number: 1

31 December 2023

8–20

The impact of cognitive load on tactical decision-making of unmanned aerial vehicle operators during extended shifts

Miroslav Radovanović

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operators face unique professional challenges arising from the combination of high cognitive load, prolonged vigilance, and the need for rapid tactical decision-making in dynamic operational environments. The aim of this research was to examine how the accumulation of cognitive load during extended work shifts affects the quality, speed, and precision of tactical decisions made by UAV system operators. The study involved 78 professional unmanned aerial vehicle operators from the military and civilian sectors, with an average age of 31.4 years and a minimum of three years of operational experience. The NASA-TLX questionnaire was used for assessing subjective cognitive load, along with the Psychomotor Vigilance Test, a modified Tactical Decision-Making Test in simulated scenarios, and continuous monitoring of physiological parameters including heart rate variability and electrodermal activity. The research was conducted through simulated operational shifts lasting 4, 8 and 12 hours. Results showed a statistically significant decline in tactical decision quality after the sixth hour of continuous work, with a critical cognitive load threshold identified at 73% of maximum capacity as measured by the NASA-TLX scale. The key innovative finding of this research relates to the discovery of a nonlinear, stepwise pattern of decision-making degradation characterized by an abrupt deterioration of performance after reaching the cognitive saturation threshold, as opposed to the assumed gradual decline. This finding has significant implications for designing operator rotation schedules, implementing real-time cognitive status monitoring systems, and developing protocols for preventing critical errors in unmanned aerial vehicle operations

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-1 download

21–33

Thermal degradation of nitrocellulose propellants under storage conditions of the mediterranean climate

Nikolay Koronkevich

Nitrocellulose propellants represent the dominant type of propulsive explosives in modern military and civilian use, whereby their chemical stability during long-term storage remains a critical factor for safety and operational reliability. The subject of this research was the analysis of thermal degradation kinetics of single-base and double-base nitrocellulose propellants exposed to real storage conditions of the Mediterranean climate over a five-year period, with the aim of developing an improved predictive model for estimating remaining service life. The research encompassed continuous monitoring of temperature and hygrometric parameters in three representative storage facilities on the Adriatic coast, along with periodic sampling and laboratory analysis of propellant samples using differential scanning calorimetry methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vacuum stability testing, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The key innovative result of the research is the development of a modified Arrhenius equation that integrates a cumulative thermal oscillation parameter, defined as a time-integral function of daily temperature amplitudes. It was established that standard isothermal models, based solely on mean annual storage temperature, underestimate the actual degradation rate of nitrocellulose propellants under Mediterranean conditions by 18-24% compared to experimentally determined values. The new model, designated as MTOD (Mediterranean Thermal Oscillation Degradation), demonstrated a coefficient of determination R² = 0.967 in predicting the residual content of the stabilizer diphenylamine, which represents a significant improvement compared to conventional isothermal models with R² = 0.891. The research results imply the need for revision of existing NATO STANAG standards for ammunition service life assessment in climatic zones with pronounced temperature oscillations

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-2 download

33–48

Resilience of critical port infrastructure to hybrid threats: a comparative analysis of baltic and adriatic nato

Sriraman Parthasarathy

The contemporary security environment is characterized by the proliferation of hybrid threats that pose a particular challenge to the critical infrastructure of maritime states. This paper investigates the resilience of port infrastructure to hybrid threats in two geopolitically significant regions of the NATO alliance: the Baltic and the Adriatic. The research encompasses a comparative analysis of eight NATO member states – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland in the Baltic region, and Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, and Albania in the Adriatic region. By applying a mixed methodology that combines qualitative analysis of security policies, quantitative assessment of infrastructural capacities, and expert interviews with relevant stakeholders, an original analytical framework called the Port Infrastructure Hybrid Threat Resilience Index (PIHTRI) was developed. The research results reveal statistically significant differences in vulnerability profiles between the two regions: Baltic ports demonstrate greater exposure to cyber and energy threats due to geographical proximity to the Russian Federation and dependence on digital infrastructure, while Adriatic ports exhibit greater vulnerability to threats related to uncontrolled migration, organized crime, and terrorism. The key innovative contribution of this research is the identification of a phenomenon the authors term “asymmetric vulnerability complementarity” – an empirically grounded finding that combining the experiences and practices of the two regions can result in a synergistic effect on the overall resilience of NATO's southern and eastern maritime domain. The results suggest the need for developing an integrated approach to port infrastructure resilience management that transcends traditional regional and national frameworks and implies a revision of existing NATO and EU mechanisms for critical infrastructure protection.

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-3 download

49–64

Hydrological modeling as a factor in operational planning of water obstacle crossings

Hakan Sozer

Crossing water obstacles represents one of the most complex operational tasks in military and civilian protection and rescue operations. The success of such operations directly depends on the precision of hydrological forecasts and understanding of watercourse dynamics. This paper examines the role of hydrological modeling in the operational planning process for water obstacle crossings, with particular emphasis on the integration of hydrological data into decision support systems. The research was conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including analysis of hydrological models, crossing scenario simulations, and evaluation of operational procedures under different hydrological conditions. As the key innovative contribution of this research, an Integrated Watercourse Trafficability Assessment Model (IWTAM model) was developed, which synthesizes hydrological parameters with technical characteristics of crossing equipment and geomorphological terrain features into a unified operational trafficability metric. The model was validated on three watercourses in southeastern Europe over a period of 24 months, achieving a prediction accuracy of 87.3% for determining optimal time windows for crossing. Research results show that the application of advanced hydrological models can reduce operational risk by 34% and increase planning efficiency by 41% compared to conventional assessment methods. The paper concludes that the integration of hydrological modeling into operational planning is essential for modern military and civilian operations, and proposes a methodological framework for implementing the IWTAM model into existing decision support systems

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-4 download

65–79

Comparative efficacy of new-generation hemostatic dressings in the treatment of arterial injuries in prehospital conditions

Ana Bokuchava

Uncontrolled hemorrhage represents the leading cause of preventable death in traumatic injuries, with arterial injuries requiring urgent and effective intervention in prehospital conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative efficacy of new-generation hemostatic dressings in achieving hemostasis in arterial injuries under simulated prehospital conditions, with a particular focus on investigating a novel sequential biagent application technique. The research was conducted as a prospective, randomized, controlled study on a porcine model of femoral artery injury, including a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 847 cases of prehospital hemostatic dressing application. Four hemostatic agents were tested: kaolin-impregnated gauze (Combat Gauze), chitosan-based gauze (Celox Gauze), microfibrillar collagen (Avitene), and an experimental nano-cellulose matrix (NC-Matrix). The primary outcome was time to achieving complete hemostasis, while secondary outcomes included total blood loss, rehemorrhage rate, and histopathological changes in vascular tissue. Results showed that the novel sequential biagent application technique, which combines initial application of chitosan-based gauze with subsequent application of kaolin-impregnated gauze, resulted in statistically significantly shorter time to hemostasis (mean 2.3 ± 0.7 minutes) compared to standard monotherapy with any single agent (3.4 ± 1.1 minutes for Combat Gauze; 3.8 ± 1.3 minutes for Celox Gauze; p < 0.001). Additionally, the combined technique showed a 31.4% reduction in total blood loss compared to the best single agent. Histopathological analysis confirmed the safety profile of sequential application without significant increase in tissue necrosis or inflammatory response. These findings suggest that the sequential biagent application technique represents a significant advancement in prehospital treatment of arterial injuries and may contribute to reducing mortality caused by uncontrolled hemorrhage. Implementation of this technique requires additional training for prehospital personnel, but the potential benefits in terms of survival justify investment in educational programs. Future research should include multicenter clinical studies in human populations to confirm the applicability of these results in real clinical conditions

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-5 download

80–94

Acoustic detection of low-frequency underwater drones in shallow coastal waters: experimental validation of passive sonar arrays

Fei Gao

The proliferation of small unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) represents a growing security challenge in coastal waters worldwide. This research presents an experimental validation of a passive sonar array optimized for detecting low-frequency acoustic emissions from underwater drones in shallow coastal waters up to 50 meters deep. The experimental campaign was conducted under controlled conditions in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic coast during spring 2023, using a linear hydrophone array of 16 elements with an inter-element spacing of 0.75 meters. Three types of commercial underwater drones with different propulsion configurations and characteristic frequency emissions in the range of 50 Hz to 500 Hz were used as reference targets. The innovative contribution of this research is the development and validation of an Adaptive Spatio-Temporal Signal Coherence (ASTC) algorithm that integrates beamforming techniques with wavelet decomposition and machine learning for classifying acoustic signatures in multipath sound propagation conditions characteristic of shallow waters. Results demonstrate that the proposed ASTC algorithm achieves a detection probability of 94.2% at a false alarm rate of 2.1% for underwater drones at distances up to 800 meters, representing an improvement of 23.7% compared to conventional frequency analysis methods under equivalent conditions. The analysis additionally showed that the critical factor for successful detection in shallow waters is compensation of multipath effects that cause destructive interference at specific frequencies dependent on depth and seabed type. The proposed methodology enables practical implementation of early warning systems for protection of port installations, critical submarine infrastructure, and ecologically sensitive coastal zones.

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-6 download

95–106

Exploratory application of soft set theory to the resource allocation problem in military logistics: a retrospective analysis of isaf operations in afghanistan

Taha Yaseen

Soft set theory represents a promising mathematical framework for dealing with parametric uncertainty, but its application in military logistics remains unexplored. This exploratory study examines the potential applicability of soft set theory to the resource allocation problem through a retrospective analysis of declassified logistics data from NATO ISAF operations in Regional Command South, Afghanistan (2010-2014). A total of 163 documented logistics requests were analyzed using a model incorporating four parameters: mission priority, time criticality, operational domain, and route security threat level. Results show a moderate correlation (r = 0.42, p = 0.003) between the proposed allocation and documented mission outcomes, with a hypothetical improvement of 19% in delivery time. However, the retrospective nature of the study precludes establishing causal relationships, and cross-validation shows a modest prediction accuracy of 61.4% (95% CI: 55.2-67.6%). Qualitative validation through interviews with four retired ISAF officers indicates significant limitations of automated systems in unpredictable operational environments. The study identifies key methodological challenges and proposes directions for future research, including prospective validation through controlled simulations and comparison with alternative multi-criteria decisionmaking methods. Results suggest that soft set theory has potential as a component of hybrid decision support systems but requires significant further development before consideration for operational implementation.

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-7 download

107–122

Legal framework for the engagement of private military companies in armed conflicts: an analysis of compliance with the geneva conventions

Lazarela Mićunović

The proliferation of private military companies (PMCs) represents one of the most significant phenomena in the transformation of contemporary warfare, raising fundamental questions about the applicability of existing international humanitarian law. This review article analyzes the legal framework for the engagement of private military companies in armed conflicts, with particular focus on evaluating the compliance of their activities with normative standards established by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977. By applying the dogmatic-legal method, comparative analysis, and case studies, the research identifies key legal gaps in regulating the status of PMC personnel, determines problems in attributing responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law, and evaluates the effectiveness of existing oversight and sanctioning mechanisms. The innovative contribution of this research consists in the development of an original analytical model called the “Legal Responsibility Matrix for PMC Activities” (LRMA), which systematizes four dimensions of responsibility: state, corporate, individual, and command, and establishes criteria for their delineation and cumulative application in various operational scenarios. Research results show that the existing international legal framework, although formally applicable, suffers from structural deficiencies that enable de facto impunity for PMC personnel, and that it is necessary to draft a special international treaty that would explicitly regulate the status, rights, obligations, and responsibility of private military companies and their employees in the context of armed conflicts. The article concludes that the application of the proposed LRMA model is necessary to overcome the current normative fragmentation and establish a coherent system of legal responsibility that would guarantee effective protection of civilian population and prisoners of war in accordance with the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law.

DOI: 10.65932/military-studies-2023-1-8 download

Volume: 1 Issue: 1 (2023) Serial Number: 1 download